JAKARTA, Indonesia (AP) — The wave of violent protests that have swept across Indonesia and left seven people dead is being seen as a major test for President Prabowo Subianto.
Clashes between riot police and rock-throwing protesters that began in the capital last week quickly spread beyond Jakarta.
Angry protesters in several cities set fire to regional parliament buildings, police headquarters and damaged infrastructures in the unrest that included looting and the burning of vehicles.
Subianto on Sunday ordered the security forces to take firm action against the protests.
Armed Indonesian military troops attend an anti-riot practice at the National Monument (Monas) complex, amid the widespread anti-government protests and rioting over issues such as extra pay for parliamentarians and housing allowances that resulted in riots, in Jakarta, Indonesia, Sept. 1, 2025. Photo by Willy Kurniawan/Reuters
“There are signs of unlawful acts, even leading to treason and terrorism,” he said. “To the police and the military, I have ordered them to take action as firm as possible against the destruction of public facilities, looting at homes of individuals and economic centers, according to the laws.”
Subianto canceled a high-profile trip to China to attend the Victory Day Parade in Beijing this coming Wednesday, citing escalating nationwide protests.
Here’s what to know about the protests:
Cause of the unrest
Public outrage emerged across the world’s third-largest democracy after reports that all 580 members of the House of Representatives receive a monthly housing allowance of 50 million rupiah ($3,075), in addition to their salaries.
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The allowance, which was introduced last year, is nearly 10 times the minimum wage in Jakarta.
Critics argue that the perk isn’t only excessive, but also insensitive at a time when most people are grappling with a soaring cost of living, taxes and rising unemployment.
Death toll
The protests grew wider and more violent following the death of 21-year-old ride-hailing driver Affan Kurniawan.
A video on social media, apparently showing his death during a rally in Jakarta on Thursday, shocked the nation and spurred an outcry against the security forces.
Kurniawan was reportedly completing a food delivery order when he was caught up in the clash.
Witnesses told local television that an armored car from the Mobile Brigade unit of the National Police suddenly sped through the crowd of demonstrators and hit Kurniawan, causing him to fall. Instead of stopping, the car ran over him.
University students gather outside Indonesian parliament building during a protest against parliamentarians’ extra pay and housing allowances, in Jakarta, Indonesia Sept. 1, 2025. Photo by Willy Kurniawan/ Reuters
An angry mob late Friday set fire to a local parliament building in Makassar on Sulawesi island causing several people to be trapped in the blaze. Three people died and five others were hospitalized. In a separate riot in the city, a man who was thought to be a police intelligence agent disguised as a delivery rider was beaten to death by a mob.
The death toll rose to seven after authorities in Yogyakarta said a university student was killed in Friday’s clashes between demonstrators and riot police. Health officials in Central Java’s Solo city confirmed that a 60-year-old pedicab driver suffering from acute asthma was found unconscious after being exposed to tear gas and died on Sunday while being treated at a hospital.
Rioters mingle with protesters
Jakarta’s health office said that 469 people were injured in violent protests, including 97 who were hospitalized.
Among them, 43 victims have been treated at the Bhayangkara police hospital since the clashes began. The president on Monday visited 14 officers and three civilians still receiving treatment for serious injuries at the hospital, including a woman who was on her way to a market who suffered a broken thigh after rioters seized her motorcycle.
Speaking after visiting victims, Subianto said that the violence was fueled by “rioters, not protesters,” and accused the groups of trying to destabilize the nation.
“Their intention is not to voice aspirations, but to cause chaos, disrupt people’s lives, and sabotage national development,” Subianto said. He vowed that he “will not retreat even a step” in confronting rioters responsible for violent unrest across the archipelago country of more than 280 million people.
Costly protests
Authorities detained 1,240 rioters after five days of protests in Jakarta. The unrest had caused losses of up to 55 billion rupiah ($3.3 million) as rioters burned buses and subway stations and damaged other infrastructure, Jakarta Gov. Pramono Anung said.
Armed Indonesian military troops attend an anti-riot practice at the National Monument (Monas) complex, amid the widespread anti-government protests and rioting over issues such as extra pay for parliamentarians and housing allowances that resulted in riots, in Jakarta, Indonesia, Sept. 1, 2025. Photo by Willy Kurniawan/ Reuters
Escalating violence in Indonesia prompting TikTok to voluntary suspend its LIVE feature, citing measures to keep the platform a safe and civil space.
Foreign embassies and consulates, including the U.S., Australia, France, Canada and Southeast Asian countries, issued a travel warning and have advised their citizens in Indonesia to avoid demonstration areas or large public gatherings.
Government concessions
Flanked by leaders of eight Indonesian political parties, Subianto told a televised news conference in Jakarta that the government would cut lawmakers’ perks and privileges, including the contentious housing allowance, and suspend overseas trips for members of parliament. It was a rare concession in response to mounting public anger.
Subianto also said that police were investigating seven officers linked to the incident in which Kurniawan died, and has instructed a quick and transparent investigation in a way that the public can monitor. He also would ensure his administration to financially support Kurniawan’s family.
The former general further called on the public to express their aspirations in a peaceful and constructive manner, and promised their voices will be heard.
Economic reality
Analysts see the violent rallies as a culmination of public anger over economic hardship, as well as public officials’ insensitivity and political frustration.
In his campaign for president, Subianto promised to take economic growth to 8% within five years and make Southeast Asia’s largest economy attractive for investments. But observers have dismissed his pledge as too ambitious, with the Trump administration’s 19% tariffs on Indonesian goods adding to the uncertainty.
The World Bank estimates that Indonesia’s economy will grow at 4.8% up to 2027, far below Subianto’s pledge.
